Managing the Energy Transition for Sustainable Land Transportation in Indonesia: A Systematic Review of Policy and Socio-Economic Implications for Road and Rail
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/dijemss.v7i2.5749Keywords:
Energy Transition, Policy, Road and Railway Transportation, Systematic ReviewAbstract
Managing the energy transition in the land transport sector is a critical managerial challenge for achieving Indonesia's 2060 Net Zero Emission target. This study aims to identify, synthesize, and evaluate global green energy policies, and to formulate their policy and socio-economic implications for Indonesia's road and railway sectors. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, based on the PRISMA 2020 protocol and CASP quality appraisal, was applied to 35 relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025. Thematic analysis identified three primary policy pillars: (1) economic incentives, (2) regulatory mandates, and (3) infrastructure development. This review concludes that effective transition management requires an adaptive hybrid policy framework. The novelty of this research is an evidence-based synthesis that recommends a a multi-modal approach considering socio-economic impacts, prioritizing electrification for light-duty and urban transport while utilizing biofuels for heavy-duty freight and long-haul logistics.
References
Aliyu Yaro, N. S., Sutanto, M. H., Habib, N. Z., Napiah, M., Usman, A., Jagaba, A. H., & Al-Sabaeei, A. M. (2022). Application and circular economy prospects of palm oil waste for eco-friendly asphalt pavement industry: A review. Journal of Road Engineering, 2(4), 309–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jreng.2022.10.001
Ammenberg, J., & Dahlgren, S. (2021). Sustainability Assessment of Public Transport, Part I—A Multi-Criteria Assessment Method to Compare Different Bus Technologies. In Sustainability (Vol. 13, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020825
Bakker, S., Dematera Contreras, K., Kappiantari, M., Tuan, N. A., Guillen, M. D., Gunthawong, G., Zuidgeest, M., Liefferink, D., & Van Maarseveen, M. (2017). Low-Carbon Transport Policy in Four ASEAN Countries: Developments in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. In Sustainability (Vol. 9, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071217
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
CASP, C. A. S. (2018). CASP Systematic Review Checklist. CASP Checklists. https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/
Emodi, N. V., Okereke, C., Abam, F. I., Diemuodeke, O. E., Owebor, K., & Nnamani, U. A. (2022). Transport sector decarbonisation in the Global South: A systematic literature review. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, 100925. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100925
Gallo, M., & Marinelli, M. (2020). Sustainable Mobility: A Review of Possible Actions and Policies. In Sustainability (Vol. 12, Issue 18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187499
Gandhi, H. H., Hoex, B., & Hallam, B. J. (2022). Strategic investment risks threatening India’s renewable energy ambition. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, 100921. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100921
Halder, P., Babaie, M., Salek, F., Shah, K., Stevanovic, S., Bodisco, T. A., & Zare, A. (2024). Performance, emissions and economic analyses of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 199, 114543. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114543
Hasibuan, H. S., & Mulyani, M. (2022). Transit-Oriented Development: Towards Achieving Sustainable Transport and Urban Development in Jakarta Metropolitan, Indonesia. Sustainability, 14(9), 5244. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095244
Huu, D. N., & Ngoc, V. N. (2021). Analysis Study of Current Transportation Status in Vietnam’s Urban Traffic and the Transition to Electric Two-Wheelers Mobility. Sustainability, 13(10), 5577. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105577
Ibrahim, H. A., Ayomoh, M. K., Bansal, R. C., Gitau, M. N., Yadavalli, V. S. S., & Naidoo, R. (2023). Sustainability of power generation for developing economies: A systematic review of power sources mix. Energy Strategy Reviews, 47, 101085. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101085
Jannesar Niri, A., Poelzer, G. A., Zhang, S. E., & Rosenkranz, J. (2024). Sustainability challenges throughout the electric vehicle battery value chain. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 191, 114176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114176
Kamran, M., Raugei, M., & Hutchinson, A. (2023). Critical elements for a successful energy transition: A systematic review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 4, 100068. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rset.2023.100068
Kenworthy, J. R. (2017). Is Automobile Dependence in Emerging Cities an Irresistible Force? Perspectives from São Paulo, Taipei, Prague, Mumbai, Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou. Sustainability, 9(11), 1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111953
Köhler, J., Geels, F. W., Kern, F., Markard, J., Onsongo, E., Wieczorek, A., Alkemade, F., Avelino, F., Bergek, A., Boons, F., Fünfschilling, L., Hess, D., Holtz, G., Hyysalo, S., Jenkins, K., Kivimaa, P., Martiskainen, M., McMeekin, A., Mühlemeier, M. S., … Wells, P. (2019). An agenda for sustainability transitions research: State of the art and future directions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 31, 1–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.01.004
Leuthold, A., Terrapon-Pfaff, J., & Viebahn, P. (2025). Implementation factors for green hydrogen projects: A systematic literature review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 82, 104555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104555
Liu, F., Shafique, M., & Luo, X. (2025). Next leap in the sustainable transport revolution: Identifying gaps and proposing solutions for hydrogen mobility. Communications in Transportation Research, 5, 100180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commtr.2025.100180
Mamat, R., Erdiwansyah, Ghazali, M. F., Rosdi, S. M., Syafrizal, & Bahagia. (2025). Strategic framework for overcoming barriers in renewable energy transition: A multi-dimensional review. Next Energy, 9, 100414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100414
Mhana, K. H., Norhisham, S. Bin, Katman, H. Y. B., & Yaseen, Z. M. (2024). Road urban planning sustainability based on remote sensing and satellite dataset: A review. Heliyon, 10(21), e39567. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39567
Moeen, M. S., Jupesta, J., & Hanaoka, T. (2025). Integrated energy planning: Review of global practices for energy security and Paris Agreement implementation in Pakistan. Energy Nexus, 18, 100413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100413
Momodu, A. S., Okunade, I. D., & Adepoju, T. D. (2022). Decarbonising the electric power sectors in sub-Saharan Africa as a climate action: A systematic review. Environmental Challenges, 7, 100485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100485
Nassary, E. K., Magubika, A. J., Mwampashi, L. L., Fukah, F. K., Kahangwa, C. A., & Tryphone, G. M. (2025). Transitioning to clean energy and opportunities for developing countries. Energy Strategy Reviews, 62, 101909. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2025.101909
Nevzorova, T., & Kutcherov, V. (2019). Barriers to the wider implementation of biogas as a source of energy: A state-of-the-art review. Energy Strategy Reviews, 26, 100414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100414
Nikulina, V., Simon, D., Ny, H., & Baumann, H. (2019). Context-Adapted Urban Planning for Rapid Transitioning of Personal Mobility towards Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 11(4), 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041007
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine, 18(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1003583
Republic of Indonesia. (2021). Third Biennial Update Report Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Third Biennial Update Report Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1–136.
Riera, J. A., Lima, R. M., & Knio, O. M. (2023). A review of hydrogen production and supply chain modeling and optimization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(37), 13731–13755. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.242
Riyadi, T. W. B., Spraggon, M., Herawan, S. G., Idris, M., Paristiawan, P. A., Putra, N. R., R, M. F., Silambarasan, R., & Veza, I. (2023). Biodiesel for HCCI engine: Prospects and challenges of sustainability biodiesel for energy transition. Results in Engineering, 17, 100916. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100916
Rizki, M., Syahputri, J., Belgiawan, P. F., & Irawan, M. Z. (2021). Electrifying Tourist Mobility in Bali, Indonesia: Setting the Target and Estimating the CO2 Reduction Based on Stated Choice Experiment. Sustainability, 13(21), 11656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111656
Samarasinghe, S. L., Moghimi, M., & Kaparaju, P. (2025). A review of modelling tools for net-zero emission energy systems, based on model capabilities, modelling criteria and model availability. Renewable Energy Focus, 53, 100659. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2024.100659
Sandaka, B. P., & Kumar, J. (2023). Alternative vehicular fuels for environmental decarbonization: A critical review of challenges in using electricity, hydrogen, and biofuels as a sustainable vehicular fuel. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 14, 100442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100442
Sarda, J., Patel, N., Patel, H., Vaghela, R., Brahma, B., Bhoi, A. K., & Barsocchi, P. (2024). A review of the electric vehicle charging technology, impact on grid integration, policy consequences, challenges and future trends. Energy Reports, 12, 5671–5692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.11.047
Satpathy, P. R., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Radha Krishnan, T. R., & Padmanaban, S. (2025). Technological innovations and sustainable strategies for advancing electric vehicle performance and market integration. Energy Strategy Reviews, 60, 101790. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2025.101790
Sunanda, W., Setyonegoro, M. I. B., Hadi, S. P., & Sarjiya. (2025). Advancing the carbon pricing framework in Indonesia: A systematic review of policies, challenges, and global lessons. Results in Engineering, 28, 107155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107155
Tilly, N., Yigitcanlar, T., Degirmenci, K., & Paz, A. (2024). How sustainable is electric vehicle adoption? Insights from a PRISMA review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 117, 105950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105950
Vakulchuk, R., Overland, I., & Scholten, D. (2020). Renewable energy and geopolitics: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 122, 109547. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109547
Widiawati, K., Sopha, B. M., Tjahjono, B., & Rakoto, N. (2025). Circularity potentials, influential factors, modeling approach and policy interventions of circular supply chain for electric vehicles. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 27, 101013. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2025.101013
Zhu, M., Wang, Z., Cui, H., Yang, Y., & Qie, P. (2023). Situation and hotspot analysis on rural transport infrastructure from the perspective of bibliometric analysis. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 10(6), 1074–1098. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2023.04.009
Zufarihsan, R., Tambusay, A., Suprobo, P., Suryanto, B., & Laghrouche, O. (2025). Recent developments in high-speed railway in Indonesia: Superstructure construction and track infrastructure. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 31, 101385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2025.101385
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Darwisman, Agus Sulistiyono, Aditya Karsa, Wedi Hendra, Siti Maemunah

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish their manuscripts in this journal agree to the following conditions:
- The copyright on each article belongs to the author(s).
- The author acknowledges that the Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science (DIJEMSS) has the right to be the first to publish with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
- Authors can submit articles separately, arrange for the non-exclusive distribution of manuscripts that have been published in this journal into other versions (e.g., sent to the author's institutional repository, publication into books, etc.), by acknowledging that the manuscript has been published for the first time in the Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science (DIJEMSS).









































