SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND NURSE’S PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR: THE ROLE OF AUTONOMOUS AND EXTERNAL MOTIVATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v1i6.341Keywords:
Servant leadership; autonomous motivation; external motivation; pro-environmental behavior; green behavior; sustainability; nurses.Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationships between servant leadership, pro-environmental behavior, and external and autonomous motivation among nurses, and whether external and autonomous motivations mediate the relationship between servant leadership and pro-environmental behavior. Based on a survey of 351 nurses, we found that servant leadership was significantly associated with pro-environmental behavior and that external and autonomous motivations indirectly affected the relationship between servant leadership and pro-environmental behavior. Moreover, servant leadership was found to interact with external motivation to predict pro-environmental behavior of nurses. Managers of nursing services should consider servant leadership and its positive influence on nurses’ outcomes in order to improve their performance and, subsequently, the healthcare system.
References
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Afsar, B., Al?Ghazali, B. M., Rehman, Z. U., & Umrani, W. A. (2020). The moderating effects of employee corporate social responsibility motive attributions (substantive and symbolic) between corporate social responsibility perceptions and voluntary pro?environmental behavior. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 769-785.
Afsar, B., Cheema, S., & Javed, F. (2018). Activating employee's pro?environmental behaviors: The role of CSR, organizational identification, and environmentally specific servant leadership. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(5), 904-911.
Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of management, 38(4), 932-968.
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: a motivational basis of performance and weil?being in two work settings 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of environmental psychology, 27(1), 14-25.
Barbuto, J. E., & Gifford, G. T. (2010). Examining gender differences of servant leadership: An analysis of the agentic and communal properties of the Servant Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Leadership Education, 9(2), 4-21.
Bissinger, K., & Bogner, F. X. (2018). Environmental literacy in practice: education on tropical rainforests and climate change. Environment, development and sustainability, 20(5), 2079-2094.
Blass, A. P., da Costa, S. E. G., de Lima, E. P., & Borges, L. A. (2017). Measuring environmental performance in hospitals: A practical approach. Journal of cleaner production, 142, 279-289.
Boiral, O., Paillé, P., & Raineri, N. (2015). The nature of employees' pro-environmental behaviors. The psychology of green organizations.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554-571.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554-571.
Chan, S. C., & Mak, W. M. (2014). The impact of servant leadership and subordinates' organizational tenure on trust in leader and attitudes. Personnel Review.
Cheema, S., Afsar, B., Al?Ghazali, B. M., & Maqsoom, A. (2020). How employee's perceived corporate social responsibility affects employee's pro?environmental behaviour? The influence of organizational identification, corporate entrepreneurship, and environmental consciousness. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 616-629.
Chughtai, A. A. (2016). Servant leadership and follower outcomes: Mediating effects of organizational identification and psychological safety. The Journal of psychology, 150(7), 866-880.
De Groot, J. I., & Steg, L. (2010). Relationships between value orientations, self-determined motivational types and pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 368-378.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Self-determination and intrinsic motivation in human behavior. EL Deci, RM Ryan.–1985.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Densten, I. L. (2002). Clarifying inspirational motivation and its relationship to extra effort. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Ebener, D. R., & O'Connell, D. J. (2010). How might servant leadership work?. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 20(3), 315-335.
Farling, M. L., Stone, A. G., & Winston, B. E. (1999). Servant leadership: Setting the stage for empirical research. Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1-2), 49-72.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self?determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362.
Gagné, M., Forest, J., Gilbert, M. H., Aubé, C., Morin, E., & Malorni, A. (2010). The motivation at work scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and psychological measurement, 70(4), 628-646.
Greenleaf, R. K. (2008). Who is the servant-leader?. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 4(1), 29-37.
Hale, J. R., & Fields, D. L. (2007). Exploring servant leadership across cultures: A study of followers in Ghana and the USA. Leadership, 3(4), 397-417.
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Ilies, R. (2004). The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. Journal of applied psychology, 89(1), 36-48.
Kool, M., & van Dierendonck, D. (2012). Servant leadership and commitment to change, the mediating role of justice and optimism. Journal of Organizational Change Management.
Lamm, E., Tosti-Kharas, J., & King, C. E. (2015). Empowering employee sustainability: Perceived organizational support toward the environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 207-220.
Luu, T. T. (2019). CSR and customer value co-creation behavior: the moderation mechanisms of servant leadership and relationship marketing orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(2), 379-398.
McCann, J. T., & Holt, R. A. (2010). Servant and sustainable leadership: an analysis in the manufacturing environment. International Journal of Management Practice, 4(2), 134-148.
Osbaldiston, R., & Sheldon, K. M. (2003). Promoting internalized motivation for environmentally responsible behavior: A prospective study of environmental goals. Journal of environmental psychology, 23(4), 349-357.
Otis, N., & Pelletier, L. G. (2005). A Motivational Model of Daily Hassles, Physical Symptoms, and Future Work Intentions Among Police Officers 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 35(10), 2193-2214.
Panaccio, A., Donia, M., Saint-Michel, S., & Liden, R. C. (2015). Servant leadership and wellbeing. In Flourishing in life, work and careers. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pelletier, L. G., Séguin-Lévesque, C., & Legault, L. (2002). Pressure from above and pressure from below as determinants of teachers' motivation and teaching behaviors. Journal of educational psychology, 94(1), 186.
Polonsky, M. J. (2011). Transformative green marketing: Impediments and opportunities. Journal of Business Research, 64(12), 1311-1319.
Robertson, J. L., & Barling, J. (2013). Greening organizations through leaders' influence on employees' pro?environmental behaviors. Journal of organizational behavior, 34(2), 176-194.
Russell, R. F., & Stone, A. G. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: Its origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(2), 57-64.
Sheldon, K. M. (2008). The interface of motivation science and personology: Self-concordance, quality motivation, and multilevel personality integration.
Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., Weber, E. U., Raimi, K. T., & Vandenbergh, M. P. (2014). Positive and negative spillover of pro-environmental behavior: An integrative review and theoretical framework. Global Environmental Change, 29, 127-138.
Tuan, L. T. (2020). Environmentally-specific servant leadership and green creativity among tourism employees: dual mediation paths. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 86-109.
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., & De Witte, H. (2008). Self-determination theory: A theoretical and empirical overview in occupational health psychology.
Van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of business and psychology, 26(3), 249-267.
Walumbwa, F. O., Cropanzano, R., & Hartnell, C. A. (2009). Organizational justice, voluntary learning behavior, and job performance: A test of the mediating effects of identification and leader?member exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(8), 1103-1126.
Whetstone, J. T. (2002). Personalism and moral leadership: The servant leader with a transforming vision. Business Ethics: A European Review, 11(4), 385-392.
Williams, W. A., Brandon, R. S., Hayek, M., Haden, S. P., & Atinc, G. (2017). Servant leadership and followership creativity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Xie, C., Bagozzi, R. P., & Grønhaug, K. (2015). The role of moral emotions and individual differences in consumer responses to corporate green and non-green actions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(3), 333-356.
Yang, J., Gu, J., & Liu, H. (2019). Servant leadership and employee creativity: The roles of psychological empowerment and work–family conflict. Current Psychology, 38(6), 1417-1427.
Afsar, B., Al?Ghazali, B. M., Rehman, Z. U., & Umrani, W. A. (2020). The moderating effects of employee corporate social responsibility motive attributions (substantive and symbolic) between corporate social responsibility perceptions and voluntary pro?environmental behavior. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 769-785.
Afsar, B., Cheema, S., & Javed, F. (2018). Activating employee's pro?environmental behaviors: The role of CSR, organizational identification, and environmentally specific servant leadership. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(5), 904-911.
Aguinis, H., & Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and don’t know about corporate social responsibility: A review and research agenda. Journal of management, 38(4), 932-968.
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: a motivational basis of performance and weil?being in two work settings 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of environmental psychology, 27(1), 14-25.
Barbuto, J. E., & Gifford, G. T. (2010). Examining gender differences of servant leadership: An analysis of the agentic and communal properties of the Servant Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Leadership Education, 9(2), 4-21.
Bissinger, K., & Bogner, F. X. (2018). Environmental literacy in practice: education on tropical rainforests and climate change. Environment, development and sustainability, 20(5), 2079-2094.
Blass, A. P., da Costa, S. E. G., de Lima, E. P., & Borges, L. A. (2017). Measuring environmental performance in hospitals: A practical approach. Journal of cleaner production, 142, 279-289.
Boiral, O., Paillé, P., & Raineri, N. (2015). The nature of employees' pro-environmental behaviors. The psychology of green organizations.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554-571.
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 554-571.
Chan, S. C., & Mak, W. M. (2014). The impact of servant leadership and subordinates' organizational tenure on trust in leader and attitudes. Personnel Review.
Cheema, S., Afsar, B., Al?Ghazali, B. M., & Maqsoom, A. (2020). How employee's perceived corporate social responsibility affects employee's pro?environmental behaviour? The influence of organizational identification, corporate entrepreneurship, and environmental consciousness. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 616-629.
Chughtai, A. A. (2016). Servant leadership and follower outcomes: Mediating effects of organizational identification and psychological safety. The Journal of psychology, 150(7), 866-880.
De Groot, J. I., & Steg, L. (2010). Relationships between value orientations, self-determined motivational types and pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 368-378.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Self-determination and intrinsic motivation in human behavior. EL Deci, RM Ryan.–1985.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Densten, I. L. (2002). Clarifying inspirational motivation and its relationship to extra effort. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Ebener, D. R., & O'Connell, D. J. (2010). How might servant leadership work?. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 20(3), 315-335.
Farling, M. L., Stone, A. G., & Winston, B. E. (1999). Servant leadership: Setting the stage for empirical research. Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1-2), 49-72.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self?determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362.
Gagné, M., Forest, J., Gilbert, M. H., Aubé, C., Morin, E., & Malorni, A. (2010). The motivation at work scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and psychological measurement, 70(4), 628-646.
Greenleaf, R. K. (2008). Who is the servant-leader?. The International Journal of Servant-Leadership, 4(1), 29-37.
Hale, J. R., & Fields, D. L. (2007). Exploring servant leadership across cultures: A study of followers in Ghana and the USA. Leadership, 3(4), 397-417.
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Ilies, R. (2004). The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. Journal of applied psychology, 89(1), 36-48.
Kool, M., & van Dierendonck, D. (2012). Servant leadership and commitment to change, the mediating role of justice and optimism. Journal of Organizational Change Management.
Lamm, E., Tosti-Kharas, J., & King, C. E. (2015). Empowering employee sustainability: Perceived organizational support toward the environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1), 207-220.
Luu, T. T. (2019). CSR and customer value co-creation behavior: the moderation mechanisms of servant leadership and relationship marketing orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(2), 379-398.
McCann, J. T., & Holt, R. A. (2010). Servant and sustainable leadership: an analysis in the manufacturing environment. International Journal of Management Practice, 4(2), 134-148.
Osbaldiston, R., & Sheldon, K. M. (2003). Promoting internalized motivation for environmentally responsible behavior: A prospective study of environmental goals. Journal of environmental psychology, 23(4), 349-357.
Otis, N., & Pelletier, L. G. (2005). A Motivational Model of Daily Hassles, Physical Symptoms, and Future Work Intentions Among Police Officers 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 35(10), 2193-2214.
Panaccio, A., Donia, M., Saint-Michel, S., & Liden, R. C. (2015). Servant leadership and wellbeing. In Flourishing in life, work and careers. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pelletier, L. G., Séguin-Lévesque, C., & Legault, L. (2002). Pressure from above and pressure from below as determinants of teachers' motivation and teaching behaviors. Journal of educational psychology, 94(1), 186.
Polonsky, M. J. (2011). Transformative green marketing: Impediments and opportunities. Journal of Business Research, 64(12), 1311-1319.
Robertson, J. L., & Barling, J. (2013). Greening organizations through leaders' influence on employees' pro?environmental behaviors. Journal of organizational behavior, 34(2), 176-194.
Russell, R. F., & Stone, A. G. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: Its origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(2), 57-64.
Sheldon, K. M. (2008). The interface of motivation science and personology: Self-concordance, quality motivation, and multilevel personality integration.
Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., Weber, E. U., Raimi, K. T., & Vandenbergh, M. P. (2014). Positive and negative spillover of pro-environmental behavior: An integrative review and theoretical framework. Global Environmental Change, 29, 127-138.
Tuan, L. T. (2020). Environmentally-specific servant leadership and green creativity among tourism employees: dual mediation paths. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 86-109.
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., & De Witte, H. (2008). Self-determination theory: A theoretical and empirical overview in occupational health psychology.
Van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of business and psychology, 26(3), 249-267.
Walumbwa, F. O., Cropanzano, R., & Hartnell, C. A. (2009). Organizational justice, voluntary learning behavior, and job performance: A test of the mediating effects of identification and leader?member exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(8), 1103-1126.
Whetstone, J. T. (2002). Personalism and moral leadership: The servant leader with a transforming vision. Business Ethics: A European Review, 11(4), 385-392.
Williams, W. A., Brandon, R. S., Hayek, M., Haden, S. P., & Atinc, G. (2017). Servant leadership and followership creativity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Xie, C., Bagozzi, R. P., & Grønhaug, K. (2015). The role of moral emotions and individual differences in consumer responses to corporate green and non-green actions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(3), 333-356.
Yang, J., Gu, J., & Liu, H. (2019). Servant leadership and employee creativity: The roles of psychological empowerment and work–family conflict. Current Psychology, 38(6), 1417-1427.
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2020-07-12
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Bibi, A. (2020). SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND NURSE’S PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR: THE ROLE OF AUTONOMOUS AND EXTERNAL MOTIVATIONS. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 1(6), 785–801. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v1i6.341
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