Factors Influencing Credit Risk and Insurance Risk in General Insurance of Indonesia : Technical Reserve Ratio and Reinsurance Ratio (Financial Management Literature Review)

Authors

  • Willib Wong Universitas Terbuka

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v4i2.1492

Keywords:

RBC, Credit Risk, Insurance Risk, Technical Reserve Ratio, Reinsurance Ratio

Abstract

This article is a Literature Review to see whether there is an effect of the Technical Reserve ratio and the Reinsurance ratio on credit risk and insurance risk in General Insurance in Indonesia. The purpose of this scientific article is to build a causality research hypothesis between variables so that it can be used for further research. The topic of discussion is the area of ????financial management science. The method of writing this Literature Review article is Library Research with sources of books, journals and research articles contained in online media such as Google Scholar, Mendeley, Research gate and other academic media. From this literature review, it can be concluded that 1) the Technical Reserve ratio has an effect on credit risk; 2) Reinsurance ratio has an effect on credit risk; 3) Technical Reserve ratio has an effect on insurance risk; 4) Reinsurance ratio has an effect on insurance risk; and 5) insurance risk affects credit risk. Apart from these 2 exogenous variables that affect the 2 endogenous variables of credit risk and insurance risk, there are many other factors including the loss ratio, current ratio and total assets variables.

References

Agussalim, MP, Rezkiana, A., & Ali, H. (2016). Analysis Work Discipline and Work Spirit toward Performance of Employees (Case Study Tax Office Pratama Two Padang). International Journal of Economics and Research, 13.

Alhassan, A. L. (2018). Loss reserving behaviour in insurance markets: Evidence from Mauritius. Managerial and Decision Economics, 39(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.2963

Ali, H., & Limakrisna, N. (2013). Metodologi Penelitian (Petunjuk Praktis Untuk Pemecahan Masalah Bisnis, Penyusunan Skripsi (Doctoral dissertation, Tesis, dan Disertasi. In In Deeppublish: Yogyakarta.

Ali, H., & Ekawati, N. (2012). PENGARUH PEMANFAATAN E-POS DAN KUALITAS LAYANAN JASA PENGIRIMAN TERHADAP TINGKAT LOYALITAS PARA PELANGGAN POS INDONESIA KOTA BATAM (SUATU SURVEI PADA KECAMATAN BATAM KOTA). Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 12(3), 23–27.

Ali, H., Sastrodiharjo, I., & Saputra, F. (2022). Pengukuran Organizational Citizenship Behavior : Beban Kerja , Budaya Kerja dan Motivasi ( Studi Literature Review ). Jurnal Ilmu Multidisiplin, 1(1), 83–93.

Al-Yatama, S. K., Ali, M. S. al, Awadhi, K. M. al, & Shamali, N. M. al. (2020). The Effects of Credit Risk , Operational Risk and Liquidity Risk on the Financial Performance of Insurance Companies Listed at Kuwait Stock Exchange. European Journal of Economic and Financial Research, 3(6).

Aniseh, N., Mardani, R. M., & Salim, A. (2019). Pengaruh ROA, Resiko Underwriting dan Reasuransi terhadap Solvabilitas Perusahaan Asuransi. E-Jurnal Riset Manajemen, 8(11).

Assagaf, A., & Ali, H. (2017). Determinants of Financial Performance of State-Owned Enterprises with Government Subsidy as Moderator. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues.

Biais, B., Heider, F., & Hoerova, M. (2016). Risk-Sharing or Risk-Taking? Counterparty Risk, Incentives, and Margins. Journal of Finance, 71(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12396

Bressan, S. (2018). The impact of reinsurance for insurance companies. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.22495/rgcv8i4p3

Cai, J., Lemieux, C., & Liu, F. (2014). Optimal reinsurance with regulatory initial capital and default risk. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 57(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2014.04.006

Carlehed, M. (2019). Practical aspects of the aggregation of two risks in the Solvency II standard formula. European Actuarial Journal, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13385-019-00196-z

Chang, C. C. (2014). Valuation of mortgage insurance contracts with counterparty default risk: Reduced-form approach. ASTIN Bulletin, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/asb.2014.4

Charpentier, A. (2008). Insurability of climate risks. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.gpp.2510155

Chen, X., Sun, Z., Yao, T., & Yu, T. (2020). Does operating risk affect portfolio risk? Evidence from insurers’ securities holding. Journal of Corporate Finance, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101579

Cummins, J. D., Dionne, G., Gagné, R., & Nouira, A. (2021). The costs and benefits of reinsurance. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice, 46(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41288-021-00216-8

Darwisyah, D., Rosadi, K. I., & Ali, H. (2021). Berfikir Kesisteman Dalam Perencanaan Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam. … Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 2(1), 225–237.

Eling, M., & Jung, K. (2020). Risk aggregation in non-life insurance: Standard models vs. internal models. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2020.09.003

Fardinal, F., Ali, H., & US, K. A. (2022). Mutu Pendidikan Islam: Jenis Kesisteman, Konstruksi Kesisteman, dan Berfikir Kesisteman. Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Sistem Informasi, 3(4), 370–382.

Foundations of casualty actuarial science (4th ed.). (2001). Casualty Actuarial Society.

Gaganis, C., Hasan, I., & Pasiouras, F. (2016). Regulations, institutions and income smoothing by managing technical reserves: International evidence from the insurance industry. Omega (United Kingdom), 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2015.05.010

Gatumel, M., & Lemoyne de Forges, S. (2012). Understanding and Monitoring Reinsurance Counterparty Risk. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2169930

Gonzalez, L., & Naranjo, L. (2013). Credit Risk Determinants of Insurance Companies. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2325457

Harjadi, ., & Sihombing, P. (2020). Financial Distress Analysis of Registered Insurance Companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2015-2019. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.6.603

Hidayat, D. A., & Yusniar, M. W. (2021). Determinan Kinerja Keuangan pada Perusahaan Asuransi. Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i2.2236

Hu, D., Chen, S., & Wang, H. (2018). Robust reinsurance contracts with uncertainty about jump risk. European Journal of Operational Research, 266(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.10.061

Ilhamalimy, R. R., & Ali, H. (2021). Model Perceived Risk and Trust: E-Wom and Purchase Intention (the Role of Trust Mediating in Online Shopping in Shopee Indonesia). Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management, 2(2), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijdbm.v2i2.651

Kondrat, I., Yaroshevych, N., & Svatiuk, O. (2019). THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENT PLACEMENT BY LIFE AND NON-LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UKRAINE. Financial and Credit Activity Problems of Theory and Practice, 2(29). https://doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i29.171992

Krenn, G., & Oschischnig, M. (2003). Systemic Risk Factors in the Insurance Industry and Methods for Risk Assessment. Financial Stability Report, 62–74.

Lyzhechko, M. S., & Rozora, I. v. (2019). Modelling of technical reserves of an insurance company. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, 3. https://doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2019/3.6

M, A., & Ali, H. (2017). MODEL KEPUASAN PELANGGAN: ANALISIS KUALITAS PRODUK DAN KUALITAS LAYANAN TERHADAP CITRA MEREK PADA GIANT CITRA RAYA JAKARTA. Jurnal Manajemen. https://doi.org/10.24912/jm.v21i3.254

Mansur, S., & Ali, H. (2017). Impact of customer engagement to reputation of the Bri Syariah Indonesia. International Journal of Economic Research.

Manurung, J. C., Sudaryanto, & Ediraras, D. T. (2022). Antecedent of risk-based capital of public non-life insurance companies in Indonesia. Global Business and Economics Review, 26(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1504/GBER.2022.120992

Masruhin, S., Ali, H., & Rosadi, K. I. (2021). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pendidikan Islam: Sistem Berfikir Kebenaran, Pengetahuan, Nilai (Moralitas). JMPIS Jurnal Managemen Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Sosial, 2(2), 844–857.

Mulyani, S. R., Ridwan, M., & Ali, H. (2020). Model of human services and resources: The improvement efforts of Silungkang restaurant attractiveness on consumers. Talent Development and Excellence.

Nagy, C. M., & Cotlet, D. (2011). Specific aspects of the technical reserves of insurance accounting. Annals of the University of Petrosani Economics, 11(1).

Octavia, A., & Ali, H. (2017). International Review of Management and Marketing The Model of Market Orientation, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises. International Review of Management and Marketing.

Park, J., Choi, B. P., & Ho, C. L. (2021). The impact of internal and external reinsurance on insurers’ performance and price. Managerial Finance, 47(7). https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-12-2019-0619

Park, S. C., Xie, X., & Rui, P. (2019). The Sensitivity of Reinsurance Demand to Counterparty Risk: Evidence From the U.S. Property–Liability Insurance Industry. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 86(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/jori.12244

Pramestika, D. W. (2019). PENGARUH TINGKAT KESEHATAN PERUSAHAAN ASURANSI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN PREMI NETO DAN PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN. Journal of Economics Development Issues, 2(01). https://doi.org/10.33005/jedi.v2i01.24

Pratiwi Hidayah Ndaru, A., & Soesetio, Y. (2021). Early Warning System Analysis of General Insurance Companies. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v5i8.9349

Prowanta, E., & Siswanti, I. (2021). DETERMINANT OF STOCK PRICE INSURANCE COMPANY IN INDONESIA. The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijabs.2021.29.3.2

Pusparani, M., Amin, S., & Ali, H. (2021). the Effect of Work Environment and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance With Organizational Commitment As an Intervening Variable At the Department of Population Control and Family Planning Sarolangun Regency. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 3(2), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijmx.v3i2.1016

Rahayu Ningsih, S., Purwohedi, U., & Mardi. (2021). FACTORS AFFECTING SOLVENCY IN INSURANCE COMPANIES IN INDONESIA 2015–2019 PERIOD. MARGINAL : JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, ACCOUNTING, GENERAL FINANCE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ISSUES, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.55047/marginal.v1i1.5

Renaldo, A., Purwohedi, U., & Ahmad, G. N. (2021). Determinants of the Risk-Based Capital of Insurance Companies in Indonesia. Oblik i Finansi, 3(93), 72–77. https://doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2021-3(93)-72-77

Richardo, Hussin, M., Bin Norman, M. H., & Ali, H. (2020). A student loyalty model: Promotion, products, and registration decision analysis-Case study of griya english fun learning at the tutoring institute in wonosobo central Java. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.

Savelli, N., & Clemente, G. P. (2011). Hierarchical structures in the aggregation of premium risk for insurance underwriting. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 3. https://doi.org/10.1080/03461231003703672

Setyadi, Dr. A. (2017). Build Customer Loyalty with CRM and Brand Image (Case Study on Giant Citra Raya). IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(01), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-1901043542

Setyaningsih, R., Zanaria, Y., & Septiani, A. (2021). PENGARUH PENDAPATAN PREMI, HASIL INVESTASI, HASIL UNDERWRITING DAN RISK BASED’CAPITAL TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN ASURANSI (STUDY EMPIRIS PADA PERUSAHAAN ASURANSI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2012-2019). Jurnal Akuntansi AKTIVA, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.24127/akuntansi.v2i1.901

SiVARAM, M., Hudaya, A., & Ali, H. (2019). Building a Purchase and Purchase Decision: Analysis of Brand Awareness and Brand Loyalty. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management And Social Science, 1(2), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.31933/DIJEMSS

Sivaram, M., Munawar, N. A., & Ali, H. (2020). DETERMINATION OF PURCHASE INTENT DETERMINATION OF PURCHASE INTENTION THROUGH BRAND AWARENESS AND PERCEIVED QUALITY (Case Study: For consumers PT. Sentosa Santosa Finance Tangerang area). Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 1(2), 232–246. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijmx.v1i2.71

Somad, A., Rosadi, K. I., Ali, H., Kesisteman, J., & Kesisteman, B. (2021). FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MODEL SISTEM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM : JENIS KESISTEMAN , KONSTRUKSI KESISTEMAN , BERPIKIR KESISTEMAN. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Humaniora Dan Politik, 1(2), 200–210.

Suharyono, & Ali, H. (2015). PENGARUH MOTIVASI, KEDISIPLINAN DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP PRESTASI KERJA PEGAWAI PADA DINAS SOSIAL TENAGA KERJA DAN TRANSMIGRASI KABUPATEN BATANG HARI. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 15(2), 78–86.

Tesselaar, M., Botzen, W. J. W., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2020). Impacts of climate change and remote natural catastrophes on EU flood insurance markets: An analysis of soft and hard reinsurance markets for flood coverage. Atmosphere, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020146

Upreti, V., Adams, M., & Jia, Y. (2022). Risk management and the cost of equity: evidence from the United Kingdom’s non-life insurance market. European Journal of Finance, 28(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2021.1936588

Valecký, J. (2017). Calculation of Solvency capital requirements for Non-life Underwriting risk using generalized linear models. Prague Economic Papers, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.621

Wahyuddin, & Mauliyana. (2021). The Effect of Premium Revenue, Underwriting Results, Investment Results, and Risk Based Capital on Income in Insurance Company (Study On Corporate Insurance - The Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange). Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems382

Wang, Y., Li, B., Li, G., Zhu, X., & Li, J. (2019). Risk factors identification and evolution analysis from textual risk disclosures for insurance industry. Procedia Computer Science, 162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.253

Yin, J., Han, B., & Wong, H. Y. (2022). COVID-19 and credit risk: A long memory perspective. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2022.01.008

Zahran, R., & Ali, H. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Sistem Informasi : Sumber Daya Manusia, Bisnis, Teknologi dan Metode (Literature Review Manajemen Pemasaran). Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Mercubuana, 1–21.

Zanotto, A., & Clemente, G. P. (2022). An optimal reinsurance simulation model for non-life insurance in the Solvency II framework. European Actuarial Journal, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13385-021-00281-2

Published

2022-11-29

How to Cite

Wong, W. (2022). Factors Influencing Credit Risk and Insurance Risk in General Insurance of Indonesia : Technical Reserve Ratio and Reinsurance Ratio (Financial Management Literature Review). Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 4(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v4i2.1492