ASEAN's Reaction To Forced Labor Exploitation in the Fishing Sector in Indonesian Waters

Desy  Syamsurini Ekawati

doi:10.38035/dijemss.v5i6.3066

Authors

Desy Syamsurini Ekawati Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.38035/dijemss.v5i6.3066

Keywords:

ASEAN, Transnational Crime, Forced Labor, Indonesian waters, International Organization

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze ASEAN's role in addressing forced labor exploitation in the fisheries industry in Indonesia through the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Transnational Crime (AMMTC) framework. The exploitation of workers in fisheries has emerged as a problem in the fisheries and seafood industry in Indonesia, although several international conventions have been made and ratified, its handling is complicated by the challenges of vested interests. The seafood supply chain is one of complex global value and involves a variety of sources including the use of workers who are vulnerable to deception and coercion in their recruitment and employment. The role of ASEAN as a regional organization is very influential in solving this problem and it requires compact cooperation between international organizations and governments to jointly handle it. This research raises the question “Why has the ASEAN cooperation mechanism not been able to reduce the level of exploitation of ship workers in Indonesian waters?”. To find out and explain the research question, the concept of international organization will be used.

References

ASEAN. (2021). International/Regional Organisation. Asean.Org. https://asean.org/our-communities/asean-political-security-community/outward-looking-community/external-relations/international-regional-organisation/

Auethavornpipat., R. (2017). Assessing regional cooperation: ASEAN states, migrant worker rights and norm socialization in Souteast Asia. Global Change, Peace & Security, 29(2), 128–143. doi: 10.1080/14871158.2017.1293021

Bal, C. S., & Gerard, K. (2018). ASEAN’s governance of migrant worker rights. Third World Quarterly, 39(4), 799–819. doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1387478

Bryman, A. (2004). Social Reserch Methods. Oxford University Press.

Chavez, J. J. (2007). Social policy in ASEAN: The prospects for integrating migrant labor rights and protection. Global Social Policy, 7(3), 358–378. doi:10.1177/1468018107082239

Clive, A. (2001). International Organization. Routledge.

Dewi, E. F., Chandrawulan, A. A., Hendrawan, D., & Nugraha, I. (2019). Evaluation on indonesian labour law to protect migrant labour rights in an ASEAN economic community framework. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 8(5), 105–119. www.scopus.com

Dominguez, G. (2015). Perbudakan Modern di Asia Tenggara. Dw.Com. https://www.dw.com/id/perdagangan-manusia-dan-perbudakan-modern-di-asia-tenggara/a-18380618

FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquacultuce, Sustainability in Action. https://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/ca9229en.pdf

Floristella, A. P. (2015). The ASEAN Regional Security Partnership: Strengths and Limits of a Cooperative System. Palgrave Macmillan.

Fornalé, E. (2017). Global–regional interaction to extend access to social protection for migrant workers: Insights from ASEAN and MERCOSUR. International Social Security Review, 70(3), 31–52. doi:10.1111/issr.12140

Jones, D. M., & Jenne., N. (2016). Weak states regionalism: ASEAN and the limits of security cooperation in Pacific Asia. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 16, 209–240. doi: 10.1.1093/irap/Icv015

Kneebone, S. (2011). ASEAN: Setting the agenda for the rights of migrant workers? Human rights in the asia-pacific region: Towards institution building. Routledge.

Marine, S. (1998). ASEAN and the management of regional security. Pacific Affairfs, 71(2), 195–214.

Marta, M. F. (2016). Mentri Susi: Peta Industri Perikanan Asia Tenggara Mulai Bergeser. Kompas. https://money.kompas.com/read/2016/04/16/205431826/Menteri.Susi.Peta.Industri.Perikanan.Asia.Tenggara.Mulai.Bergeser

Muamar, A. (2022). Perbudakan Modern di Kapal Ikan. Greennetwork.Id. https://greennetwork.id/unggulan/perbudakan-modern-di-kapal-ikan/

Murray, P. (2020). Managing security: Remaining ASEAN’s regional role. Asian Studies Review, 44(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/103578232.2019.1680605

Natanael, Y., & Verico, K. (2019). The impact analysis of ASEAN movement of natural person in ASEAN-5 countries skilled workers mobility to indonesia. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 12(6), 523–541. doi:10.1504/IJEPEE.2019.105206

Nursasti, S. (2020). Eksploitasi Pekerja di Sektor Perikanan Bukan Hal Baru di Indonesia. Kompas. https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/05/10/193000323/eksploitasi-pekerja-di-sektor-perikanan-bukan-hal-baru-di-indonesia?page=al

Purnomo, F., Az-Zahra, A., U. Zahro, I., Suhendra, K., & Berlian, D. (2022). Perjalanan Panjang Awak Kapal Perikanan Indonesia Menuntut Hak yang Hilang. Mongbay. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2022/08/11/perjalanan-panjang-awak-kapal-perikanan-indonesia-menuntut-hak-yang-hilang/

Pushpanathan, S. (1999). Combating Transnational Crime in ASEAN. Asean.Org. https://asean.org/combating-transnational-crime-in-asean-by-s-pushpanathan/

Ruland, J. (2009). Deepening ASEAN cooperation through democratization? The Indonesian legislature and foreign policymaking. International Relations of the Asia-Pcific, 9, 373–402.

Setiawan, W., & Karim, M. F. (2022). Partial implementation of migrant rights protection? Indonesia’s short-sighted approach towards foreign migrant workers. Asian International Studies Review, 29(1), 1–28. doi:10.1163/2667078x-bja10020

Smouth, M. C. (2001). The new international relations: Theory and practice. Hurst Company.

Underdal, A., Miles, E. L., Andersen, S., Carlin, E. M., Skjaerseth, J. B., & Wettestad, J. (2001). Environmental Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidance. The MIT Press.

Winoto, N. B. (2019). Sea Forum for Fishers Sebagai Sarana Peningkatan Perlindungan Nelayan Migran di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 14(2), 112–125.

Young, O., & Levy, M. (1999). The effectiveness of international environmental regimes. The MIT Press.