Adaptation of the 4D Model in Developing a Competency Documentation Framework for ISO 9001:2015 Implementation in the Manufacturing Industry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v6i5.5278Keywords:
competency documentation, ISO 9001:2015, 4D model adaptation, manufacturing industry, quality management systemAbstract
Effective competency documentation remains a critical challenge in implementing ISO 9001:2015 Clause 7.2 across Indonesian manufacturing industries, primarily due to the absence of a structured methodological framework. This methodological gap hinders the systematic and effective management of employee competencies. This study proposes an integrated competency documentation system through the adaptation of the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) for ISO 9001:2015-certified manufacturing organizations. The research employed a development method encompassing Define, Design, and Develop stages, with data triangulation from document analysis, stakeholder interviews, and expert validation conducted in an automotive component manufacturing company. Validation involved two experts with complementary expertise and testing with multi-department employees. The results produced four integrated Standard Operating Procedures: formulation of competency standards, development of a competency matrix, planning of competency development, and evaluation of effectiveness. Expert validation indicated a score of 79.5% (categorized as good) with an inter-rater reliability of r = 0.94, while user trials yielded high levels of satisfaction. The system effectively addressed gaps in standard setting, employee competency mapping, systematic evaluation, and integrated documentation. The adaptation of the 4D model proved to be an effective approach for balancing standard compliance with operational needs, providing a practical contribution to ISO 9001:2015 implementation within the Indonesian manufacturing sector.
References
Amar, K., & Zain, Z. M. (2002). Barriers to implementing TQM in Indonesian manufacturing organizations. The TQM Magazine, 14(6), 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780210447474
Andres-Jimenez, J., Medina-Merodio, J.-A., Fernandez-Sanz, L., Martinez-Herraiz, J.-J., & Ruiz-Pardo, E. (2020). An Intelligent Framework for the Evaluation of Compliance with the Requirements of ISO 9001:2015. Sustainability, 12(13), 5471. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12135471
Antony, J., Swarnakar, V., Gupta, N., Kaur, J., Jayaraman, R., Tortorella, G. L., & Cudney, E. A. (2022). Critical success factors for operational excellence initiatives in manufacturing: a meta-analysis. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 34, 1152–1172. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2022.2157714
Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2020). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice (15th ed.). Kogan Page Publishers.
Ayyadi, I., & Oulhadj, B. (2024). ISO 9001 Certification and Organizational Performance Among Manufacturing Companies: A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda. Business Strategy and Development, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.70044
Barbosa, L. C., Santos, R. M., & Silva, A. P. (2022). Lessons learned from ISO 9001:2015 certification: Practices and barrier identification. Quality Management Journal, 29(3), 134-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/10686967.2022.2064789
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Barney, J. B., & Wright, P. M. (1998). On becoming a strategic partner: The role of human resources in gaining competitive advantage. Human Resource Management, 37(1), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199821)37:1<31::AID-HRM4>3.0.CO;2-W
Branch, R. M. (2019). Instructional design: The ADDIE approach (2nd ed.). Springer.
Cianfrani, C. A., & West, J. E. (2018). ISO 9001:2015 explained (4th ed.). Quality Press.
De Giovanni, P. (2024). The modern meaning of “quality”: analysis, evolution and strategies. The Tqm Journal, 36(9), 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/tqm-12-2023-0413
Deming, W. E. (1986). Out of the crisis. MIT Press.
Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2020). The systematic design of instruction (8th ed.). Pearson.
Godbout, A. J. (2000). Managing core competencies: The impact of knowledge management on human resource practices in leading-edge organizations. Knowledge and Process Management, 7(2), 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1441(200004/06)7:2<76::AID-KPM75>3.0.CO;2-7
Gunawan, I., Vanany, I., & Widodo, E. (2021). Typical traceability barriers in the Indonesian vegetable oil industry. British Food Journal, 123(3), 1223–1248. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-06-2019-0466
Hadiyanto, H., & Anggoro, Y. (2025). A Skill Matrix Chart Case Study in Global Manufacturing. Systems Research and Behavioral Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.3128
Hussain, T., Eskildsen, J., & Edgeman, R. L. (2020). The intellectual structure of research in ISO 9000 standard series (1987–2015): a Bibliometric analysis. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 31, 1195–1224. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2018.1469977
International Organization for Standardization. (2015). ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems — Requirements. ISO.
International Organization for Standardization. (2023). The ISO survey of management system standard certifications 2022. ISO.
Junaidi, M., Partayasa, K., & Sulaimawan, D. (2024). Analysis of Human Resource Management Strategies in Improving Organizational Performance. Target, 6(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.30812/target.v6i1.3983
Kakemam, E., & Liang, Z. (2023). Guidance for management competency identification and development in the health context: a systematic scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09404-9
Koch, A. D. (2023). Competency assessment: a journey of lifelong learning. Endoscopy. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2100-1294
Kohrt, B. A., Pedersen, G. A., Schafer, A., Carswell, K., Rupp, F., Jordans, M. J. D., West, E., Akellot, J., Collins, P. Y., Contreras, C., Galea, J. T., Gebrekristos, F., Mathai, M., Metz, K., Morina, N., Mwenge, M., Steen, F., Willhoite, A., van Ommeren, M., & Underhill, J. (2024). Competency-based training and supervision: development of the WHO-UNICEF Ensuring Quality in Psychosocial and Mental Health Care (EQUIP) initiative. The Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00183-4
Kumar, S., Chhabra, G., Sehrawat, K., & Singh, M. (2024). Developing a competency assessment framework for medical laboratory technologists in primary healthcare settings in India. PLOS ONE, 19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294939
Limón-Romero, J., García-Alcaráz, J. L., Sanchez-Lizarraga, M. A., Gastelum-Acosta, C., Báez-López, Y., & Tlapa, D. (2024). Implementing a Quality Management System Based on ISO 9001:2015 Standard: Modeling the Enablers’ Relationships. IEEE Access, 12, 195174–195187. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3520892
Loi, U. R., Sorhaindo, A., Embo, M., Kabra, R., Kiarie, J., & Ganatra, B. (2023). Description of the methodology for developing and validating the WHO’s family planning and comprehensive abortion care competencies for the primary health care workforce. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 39, 100945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100945
Martin, J., Elg, M., & Gremyr, I. (2020). The Many Meanings of Quality: Towards a Definition in Support of Sustainable Operations. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2020.1844564
Martins, Y. S., Silva, C. E. S. da, Sampaio, P., & Gabriel, L. C. (2021). ISO 9001:2015 and risk-based thinking: scientific research insights. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2021.1954898
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034092
Nurcahyo, R., Zulfadlillah, & Habiburrahman, M. (2021). Hubungan antara ISO 9001:2015 dan kinerja operasional serta bisnis industri manufaktur di negara berkembang (Indonesia). Heliyon, 7(1), e05537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05537
Oakland, J. S. (2014). Total quality management and operational excellence: Text with cases (4th ed.). Routledge.
Overgaard, S., Graham, M. G., Brereton, T., Pencina, M. J., Halamka, J. D., Vidal, D. E., & Economou-Zavlanos, N. (2023). Implementing quality management systems to close the AI translation gap and facilitate safe, ethical, and effective health AI solutions. Npj Digital Medicine, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00968-8
Oztemel, E., & Özel, S. (2021). A conceptual model for measuring the competency level of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Advances in Production Engineering & Management, 16(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.14743/APEM2021.1.384
Putra, A. S., Rahman, A., & Sari, D. P. (2021). Faktor-faktor kritis keberhasilan implementasi ISO 9001:2015 dalam konteks Indonesia. Teknik Mutu Internasional, 37(4), 287-302.
Russell, J. P. (2019). The ASQ auditing handbook: Principles, implementation, and use (4th ed.). Quality Press.
Santos, G., & David, A. P. (2021). Tantangan implementasi dan faktor keberhasilan ISO 9001:2015 dalam manufaktur Filipina. Jurnal Internasional Riset Teknik Lanjutan dan Sains, 8(5), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.85.13
Sfakianaki, E., & Kakouris, A. P. (2020). Obstacles to ISO 9001 certification in SMEs. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 31, 1544–1564. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2018.1490640
Slakey, D. P., George, J. S., Anderson, E., Willeumier, D., & Guglielmi, K. (2021). Applying international organization for standards 9001 to create an effective surgical quality committee. American Journal of Surgery, 221(3), 598–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMJSURG.2020.11.014
Snowden, J. A., McGrath, E., Orchard, K., Kröger, N., Sureda, A., & Gratwohl, A. (2021). Visions for a JACIE Quality Management System 4.0. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 56(12), 2876–2881. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41409-021-01467-8
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance. John Wiley & Sons.
Sudarman, E. (2024). Human Resource Management Innovation Strategy in Realizing Competitive Advantage. Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture, 1685–1692. https://doi.org/10.70082/esiculture.vi.1534
Sulistyawati, A. I., & Mulyono, S. (2024). Manajemen sumber daya manusia berbasis kompetensi dalam industri manufaktur: Implementasi ISO 9001:2015. Sistem Manajemen dan Data Industri, 124(2), 567-585.
Susanto, D. A., Suef, M., Karningsih, P. D., & Prasetya, B. (2024). ISO 9001 implementation model: a review and future research agenda. The Tqm Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/tqm-10-2023-0343
Thakur, V., Akerele, O. A., & Randell, E. (2022). Lean and Six Sigma as continuous quality improvement frameworks in the clinical diagnostic laboratory. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 60(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2022.2106544
Thiagarajan, S., Semmel, D. S., & Semmel, M. I. (1974). Instructional development for training teachers of exceptional children: A sourcebook. National Center for Improvement of Educational Systems.
Treviño-Elizondo, B. L., & Garcia-Reyes, H. (2023). An Employee Competency Development Maturity Model for Industry 4.0 Adoption. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411371
Trianto. (2020). Model pembelajaran terpadu: Konsep, strategi, dan implementasinya dalam kurikulum tingkat satuan pendidikan (KTSP) (3rd ed.). Bumi Aksara.
Tung, A., & Dutton, R. P. (2024). Anesthesia Quality Improvement: Current State and Future Opportunities. Anesthesiology, 142(1), 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000005252
Vassos, V., Voltezou, A., Stavropoulos, A., Stavropoulou, E., Stefanis, C., Tsigalou, C., Nena, E., Chatzaki, Ε., Constantinidis, T. C., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2024). The Role of Total Quality Management in the Pharmaceutical, Food, and Nutritional Supplement Sectors. Foods, 13(16), 2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162606
Verma, P., Kumar, V., Mittal, A., Gupta, P., & Hsu, S. C. (2021). Addressing strategic human resource management practices for TQM: the case of an Indian tire manufacturing company. The Tqm Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-02-2021-0037
Viguria, N., Coughlin, V., Okulewicz, A., Pasadas Ureña, C., Mauriello, M., & Chen, D. (2023). A-179 Implementation of an Electronic Competency Evaluation System for Point of Care Testing. Clinical Chemistry, 69(Supplement_1). https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvad097.161
Vitzileou, K., Karagiorgos, A., & Alexandris, N. (2022). Manajemen sistem mutu: Peran sumber daya manusia. Jurnal Internasional Manajemen Mutu & Keandalan, 39(6), 1456-1472. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-07-2021-0235
Weitzel, J., Pappa, H., Banik, G. M., Barker, A. R., Bladen, E., Chirmule, N., DeFeo, J., Devine, J., Emrick, S., Kass Hout, T., Levy, M. S., Mahlangu, G. N., Rellahan, B., Venema, J., & Workman, W. (2021). Understanding Quality Paradigm Shifts in the Evolving Pharmaceutical Landscape: Perspectives from the USP Quality Advisory Group. Aaps Journal, 23(6), 112. https://doi.org/10.1208/S12248-021-00634-5
Wolniak, R. (2020). Main functions of operation management in improving the functioning of production company. Production Engineering Archives, 26(1), 5-10. https://doi.org/10.30657/pea.2020.26.02
Zarbo, R. J. (2021). Management Systems to Structure Continuous Quality Improvement. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCP/AQAB109
Zeng, S. X., Tian, P., & Shi, J. J. (2017). Studi perbandingan kinerja perusahaan bersertifikat dan non-sertifikat ISO 9001. Jurnal Internasional Manajemen Mutu & Keandalan, 34(8), 1214-1231. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-03-2016-0035
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tiana Nur Rahmayanti, Edi Suryadi, Tutik Inayati, Rasto Rasto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish their manuscripts in this journal agree to the following conditions:
- The copyright on each article belongs to the author(s).
- The author acknowledges that the Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting (DIJEFA) has the right to be the first to publish with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
- Authors can submit articles separately, arrange for the non-exclusive distribution of manuscripts that have been published in this journal into other versions (e.g., sent to the author's institutional repository, publication into books, etc.), by acknowledging that the manuscript has been published for the first time in the Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting (DIJEFA).
