The Moderating Effect of Audit Committee Meetings on The Relationship Between Internal Auditors’ Attributes and Financial Sustainability

Authors

  • Joseph Kwasi Agyemang Lecturer University of Eswatini, Eswatini
  • Cameron Modisane Associate Professor University of South Africa, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v4i5.2036

Keywords:

Audit committee meeting, internal auditor independence, internal audit size, internal auditor competence, financial sustainability

Abstract

The study aimed to establish the moderating effect of audit committee meetings on the relationship between internal auditors’ attributes and financial sustainability of municipalities. The study used census balanced panel data design and survey approach. The primary data was collected through 621 structured questionnaires distributed to chief audit executives and board of directors and audit committee chairpersons in 207 out of the 260 municipalities. The secondary data was collected from the Auditor General’s report. The study used panel data comprising both cross section and time series. The study sampled observations for a five-year period (from 2016 to 2020) with 1035 observations for 207 municipalities. Data collected were analysed using partial least square-structural equation modelling. The findings indicated that audit committee meetings, internal auditor independence, internal audit size with the exception of internal auditor competence, have direct significant influence on financial sustainability. However, audit committee meetings failed to significantly moderate the relationship between internal auditors’ attributes and financial sustainability.

References

Abbadi, S.S., Hijazi, Q.F., & Al-Rahahleh, A.S. (2016). Corporate governance quality and earnings management: Evidence from Jordan. The Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 10, 54-75.
Abdelbadie A. R. & Salama A. (2019). Corporate governance and stability in US banks: Do indirect interlocks matter? Journal of Business Research, 104, 85–105.
Adu-Gyamfi, E. (2014). Effective revenue mobilisation by district assemblies: A case study of Upper Denkyira East Municipal Assembly of Ghana. Public Policy and Administration Review 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 97-122.
Agyemang, J.K. (2020). The Relationship Between Audit Committee Characteristics and Financial Performance of Listed Banks in Ghana. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 11(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/11–10–03.
Agyemang, J. K. (2017). Factors affecting the implementation of accrual-based international public sector accounting standards (AIPSAS) in Ghana. Texila International Journal of Management, 3(2), 1-12.
Agyemang, J. K., & Bardai, B. B. (2022). The mediating effect of corporate governance on the relationship between accounting information and stock market return of listed entities in Ghana. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 18(2), 60-89. doi:10.17265/1548-6583/2022.02.002.
Agyemang, J. K., Wingard, C. H., & Acheampong, O. (2019). Fair Value Accounting in the Agricultural Sector: The Analysis of Economic and Educational Factors. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 9(4), 1-13.
Agyemang, J. K., & Yensu, J. (2018). Accrual based international public sector accounting standards: Implementation challenges facing the metropolitan, municipal and district assemblies in the ashanti region of Ghana. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 8(2), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i2. 12860.
Ahmadi, A, Nakaa, N & Bouri, A (2018). 'Chief executive officer attributes, board structures, gender diversity and firm performance among French CAC 40 listed firms', Research in International Business and Finance, vol. 44, pp. 218-226.
Akbas, H. E. (2016). The relationship between board characteristics and environmental disclosure: Evidence from Turkish listed companies. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 11(2), 7-19
Al-Lawati, H, Hussainey, K & Sagitova, R. (2021). Disclosure quality vis à vis disclosure quantity: Does audit committee matter in Omani fnancial institutions? Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting (2021) 57:557–594 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-020-00955-0
Al-Bassam, W. M., Ntim, C. G., Opong, K. K., & Downs, Y. (2018). Corporate boards and ownership structure as antecedents of CGD in Saudi Arabian publicly listed corporations. Business & Society, 57(2), pp. 335-377.
Al-Matari, E.M. & Mgammal, M.H. (2019). The moderating effect of internal audit on the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and corporate performance among Saudi Arabia listed companies. Contaduría y Administración, 64 (4), Especial Gobierno Corporativo, 2019, 1-27.
Al-Matari, E. M., Al-Swidi, A. & Fadzil, F. H. B. (2013). “The Effect of the Internal Audit and Firm Performance: A proposed Research Framework”, International Review of Management and Marketing, 4(1), pp. 34–41.
Al-Rassas, A., & Kamardin, H. (2016). Earnings quality and audit attributes in high concentrated ownership market. Corporate Governance, 16(2), 377–399.
Albedal, F., Hamdan, A. M., & Zureigat, Q. (2020). Audit committee characteristics and earnings quality: Evidence from Bahrain Bourse. In Corporate governance models and applications in developing economies (pp. 23–49). Published in the United States of America by IGI Global. DOI:10.4018/978-1-5225-9607-3.ch002.
Ali, B.J., & Oudat, M.S (2020). Information quality and data quality in accounting information system: Implications on the organization performance. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(5), 3258-3269.
Almujamed, H. I., & Alfraih, M. M. (2020). Corporate governance and value relevance of accounting information: Evidence from Kuwait. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 36(2), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-08-2019-0140
Almutairi, A.R. & Quttainah, M.A. (2020). “Foreign directors and corporate governance in Islamic banks”, Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11 (3), pp. 765-791.
Alqatan, A., Chbib, I. & Hussainey, K. (2019). How Does Board Structure Impact on Firm Performance in the UK? Corporate Board: Role, Duties of Composition, Vol. 15 (2), pp. 18 – 27
Alshetwi, M. (2017). The Association between board size, independence and firm performance: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Global Journal of Management and Business Research (D): Accounting and Auditing, 17(1), 17-28.
Appah, E & Tebepah, S F. (2022). Audit committee attributes and reporting lag of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria, International Journal of Economic and Financial Management. 5(2) 2695-1932
Appah, E., & Tebepah, S. F. (2020). Audit committee attributes and reporting lag of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria. International journal of economics and financial management, 5 (2) 48- 666.
Arora, A & Sharma, C. (2016). Corporate governance and firm performance in developing countries: evidence from India. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 420-436.
Arunachalam, M., Chen, C & Davey, H. (2017). A model for measuring financial sustainability of local authorities: model development and application. Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal, Vol. 12 Issue 1.
Bahaa, H. M, Hakeem, H. F, 'Yassir, N. M & Hussein, Q. A. (2019). The effect of audit committee characteristics and firm financial performance: An empirical study on listed companies in Iraq Stock Exchange. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14 (1 4): 4919-4926, 2019
Baltagi, B.H. (2001). The econometrics of panel data (Wiley, Chichester).
Bamahros, H. M., & Wan Hussin, W. N. (2015). “Non-audit services, audit firm tenure and earnings management in Malaysia”. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 11(1), 145-168.
Bamahros, H. (2021). The effect of audit committee chair characteristics on intellectual capital performance in banks: Evidence from an emerging economy. Revista Dimensión Empresarial, 19(3), 1-24 DOI: 10.15665/dem.v19i3.2829.
Baxter, P., & Cotter, J. (2009). Audit committee and earnings quality. Accounting and Finance, 49, 267-290.
Bhasin, LM. (2016). Strengthening corporate governance through an audit committee: An empirical study. Wulfenia Journal 23(2):2-27.
Bouaine, W., & Hrichi, Y. (2019). Impact of audit committee adoption and its characteristics on financial performance: Evidence from 100 French companies. Accounting and Finance Research, 8(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.5430/afr.v8n1p92.
Boubacar, H. (2018). Internal governance mechanisms and the performance of decentralized financial systems in Niger. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(4), 629- 643.
Buallay, A. (2018). Audit committee characteristics: an empirical investigation of the contribution to intellectual capital efficiency. Measuring Business Excellence, 22(2), 183-200.
Buallay, A., Hamdan, A., & Zureigat, Q. (2017). Corporate governance and firm performance: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 11(1), 78–98. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v11i1.6. [16].
Carmeli, A., & Cohen, A. (2001). The financial crisis of the local authorities in Israel: A resource-based analysis. European Forum, 79(4), 893-913.
Carmeli, A., Yitzhak, Y., & Vinerski-Peretz, H. (2008). Fiscal distress in local authorities in Israel: The convened committee as a method and a solution. Local Government Studies, 34(3), 323-347.
Cho, G., & Choi, J.Y. (2020). An empirical comparison of generalized structured component analysis and partial least squares path modeling under variance-based structural equation models. Behaviormetrika 47 (1): 243–272.
Coetzee, P., & Erasmus, L.J. (2020). Driving Audit Committee Disclosure: Legislation Versus Best Practice. Business Perspectives and Research, 8, 36 - 50.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A., Mudambi, R., & Pedersen, T. (2019). Clarifying the relationships between institutions and global strategy. Global Strategy Journal, 9 (2): 151-175.
Deloitte. (2019). Progress at a snail’s pace. Women in the boardroom: A global perspective
Dollery, B. & Grant, B. (2011). Financial sustainability and financial viability in Australian local government. Public Finance and Management, 11(1), 28-47.
Dollery, B, Crase, L & Grant, B. (2011). The local capacity, local community and local governance dimensions of sustainability in Australian local government. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, 8(9), 162-183.
Dumay, JC, Guthrie, J & Farneti, F. (2010). GRI sustainability reporting guidelines for public and third sector organizations, Public Management Review, 12(4), pp. 531-548.
Dwaikat, N., Qubbaj, I. S., & Queiri, A. (2021). Gender diversity on the board of directors and its impact on the Palestinian financial performance of the firm. Cogent Economics & Finance, 9(1), 1948659.
Edia, E. & Jessica, V. (2020). The Effect of firm characteristics and good corporate governance characteristics to earning management behaviors. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, pp. 31-49, DOI: 10.32602/jafas.2020.009.
Fariha, R., Hossain, M. & Ghosh, R. (2021). Board characteristics, audit committee attributes and firm performance: Empirical evidence from emerging economy. Asian Journal of Accounting Research ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print), DOI: 10.1108/AJAR-11-2020-0115. Farag, H., & Mallin, 2016. Monitoring corporate boards: Evidence from China. The European Journal of Finance. Doi: 10.1080/1.
Fernández-Temprano, M. A., & Tejerina-Gaite, F. (2020). Types of director, board diversity and firm performance. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 20, 324-342.
Ferreira, N. & Marques, R.C. (2014). Revisiting the determinants of local government performance. Omega, 44, 91-103.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
Gal, G., Akisik, O., (2020). The impact of internal control, external assurance, and integrated reports on market value. Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manage. 27 (3), 1227–1240. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1878.
Gartenberg, C & Pierce, L.( 2017). Subprime governance: Agency costs in vertically integrated banks and the 2008 mortgage crisis, Strategic Management Journal, 38(2), 300–321. doi.org/10.1002/smj.2481.
Ghaemi, F., Moradi, Z., Alavi, G. (2020). The effect of audit committee characteristics on internal controls and earnings management. Financial Accounting and Auditing Research, 46(1) 259-280. (in Persian).
Ghasemi, M. & Razak, N. H. A. (2016). Does the size of board of directors and executives affect firm performance in Malaysian listed firms? International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6 (6), 1-5.
Glover-Akpey, I. & Azembila, A. B. (2016). The effect of audit committees on the performance of firms listed on the Ghana stock exchange. Journal of Business and Management, 18(11): 55-62.
Guillamón, M-D., Bernardino, B. & Bastida, F.J.A. (2011). Evaluation of local government debt in Spain. Revista Espanola de Financiacion y Contabilidad 40(150):251-285.
Gunes, N & Atilgan, MS. 2016. Comparison of the effectiveness of audit committees in the UK and Turkish Banks. International Journal of Financial Research. 18-29.
Guthrie, J & Farneti, F. (2008). GRI sustainability reporting by Australian public sector organizations, Public Money and Management, 28 (6), pp. 361-366.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).pdf (Second Edi). SAGE Publications.Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-1023-x [doi]
Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confrmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110.
Hazzaa, O.T., Abdullah, D.F. & Aldhahebi, A. (2022). Review on the role of corporate governance and internal control system on firms’ financial performance. Asian Journal of Accounting Perspectives, 15 (1), pp. 1–28.
Henseler, J., Hubona, G. & Ray, P.A. (2016). "Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines", Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116 (1), pp. 2-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382.
Henseler, J.Jr., Ringle, C. & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43: 115–35.
Honadle, B. W. (2003). “The States’ role in U.S. local government fiscal crises: A theoretical model and results of a national survey”, International Journal of Public Administration, 26 (13), pp. 1431-1472.
Hornberger, C & Foster, J. (2019). A lost art of advisory committees. Techniques, 22-
Hsu, HH & Wu, C.Y.H. (2014). Board composition, grey directors and corporate failure in the uk. The British Accounting Review, vol.46,no.3, pp.215-227.
Hu M. & Loh L., (2018). Board governance and sustainability disclosure: A cross-sectional study of Singapore-listed companies. Sustainability, 10(7) 1–14.
Huang, C & Ho, Y. (2013). “Analyzing the fiscal health of local governments in Taiwan: Evidence from Quantile Analysis”, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Science Index 79, 7(7), 1182 – 1187.
International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). (2014). International framework: good governance in the public sector.
Inceu, A, Mara, ER, Lungu, A & Zai, P. (2011). The sustainability of public finance in new Member States of the European Union, Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 34E, pp. 127-136.
Ionascu, M., Ionascu, I., Marian, S. & Mihaela, M. (2018). Women on boards and financial performance: Evidence from a European emerging market. Sustainability, 10: 1644.
Januarti, I, Darsono, D & Chariri, A. (2020). The relationship between audit committee effectiveness and audit fees: insights from Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7 (7), pp. 179 – 185.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X.
Johl, S.K, Kaur, S. & Cooper, B.J. (2015). Board characteristics and firm performance: Evidence from Malaysian public listed firms. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(2), 239-243.
Kakabadse Figueira, Nicolopoulou, Hong Yang, Kakabadse & Özbilgin 2015)
Kamal, M., Abo, O.M., Hussein, A. & Saeed, H. (2021). Assessment and characterisation of post?COVID?19 manifestations. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2021;75:e13746. 10.1111/ijcp.13746.
Kanakriyah, R. (2021). The impact of board of directors' characteristics on firm performance: a case study in Jordan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 341-350.
Khan, S.N. & Ali, E.I.E. (2017). The Moderating role of intellectual capital between enterprise risk management and firm performance: A conceptual review. American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 9-15.
Kloha, P., Weissert, C.S. & Kleine, R. (2005). Developing and testing a composite model to predict local fiscal distress, Public Administration Review, 65 (3), pp. 313–23.
Köhler, A & Quick, R. (2018). Opportunities for innovative auditing research. International Journal of Auditing, 22 (3), pp.329-331.
KPMG. (2017). 2017 Global audit committee pulse survey: Is everything under control? Available at: https://boardleadership.kpmg.us/relevant-topics/articles/2017/2017-global-audit-committee-pulse-survey.html.
Lango, M. (2018). Gender composition on the board of directors and firm performance. Master’s (Thesis), Lund University School of Economics and Management.
Legodi, A.H. (2020). Enhancing audit committee effectiveness in South African municipalities. PhD (Acct Sci) thesis. University of South Africa, South Africa.
Machuki, V. & Rasowo, J. (2018). Corporate governance and performance: An empirical investigation of sugar producing companies in Kenya. European Scientific Journal. 14. 10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p240.
Mahmood, Z., Kouser, R., Ali, W., Ahmad, Z., & Salman, T. (2018). Does corporate governance affect sustainability disclosure? A mixed-methods study. Sustainability, 10, Article No. 207.
Marinova J., Plantenga J. & Remery, C. (2016). Gender diversity and firm performance: Evidence from Dutch and Danish boardrooms. International Journal of Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1079229
Massawe, A.D., Abayo, A., & Macha, S. (2020). Audit committee as determinant of internal audit function effectiveness: empirical evidence of listed companies in Tanzania. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review, 3(6), pp. 97–114.
Mazibuko, G.P. (2014). The impact of the municipal billing system on revenue collection in selected South African municipalities. Unpublished master’s dissertation. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. [Online] Available from: http://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/41277/Mazibuko_Impact_2014.pd f?sequence=3&isAllowed=y [Accessed 20th August 2022].
Michelberger, K., (2016). Corporate governance effects on firm performance: A literature review. Regional Formation and Development Studies, 20(3).
Mohammad, W.M.W., Wasouzzaman, S., & Salleh, A. (2016). Board and audit committee effectiveness, ethnic diversification and earnings management: a study of the Malaysian manufacturing sector. Corporate Governance, 16 (4), pp.726-746.
Munoz, CV. (2005). Corporate governance reforms: Redefined expectations of audit committee responsibilities and effectiveness. Journal of Business Ethics, 62(2):115-127.
Nasiri, M. & Ramakrishnan, S. (2020). Earnings management, corporate governance and corporate performance among Malaysian listed companies. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 8(3), 1124 – 1131.
Nguyen, T., Locke, S.M. & Reddy, K. (2015) . Ownership Concentration and Corporate Performance from a Dynamic Perspective: Does National Governance Quality Matter? International Review of Financial Analysis, pp.1-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.irfa.2015.06.005.
Ntim, C.G. (2011). The King Reports, independent non-executive directors and firm valuation on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Corporate Ownership and Control, 9 (1), pp. 428-440.
Okoye, L.C., Erin, O.A., Ahmed, A. & Areghan, I. (2017). Corporate governance and financial sustainability of microfinance institutions in Nigeria. In: 29th IBIMA conference Sustainable Economic Growth, Education Excellence, and Innovation Management through Vision 2020, 3-4 May 2017, Vienna, Austria
Omer, W. K. H., & Al-Qadasi, A. A. (2020). Board of directors’ effectiveness and monitoring costs: The role of family control. Malaysian evidence. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(4), 477–497. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ01-2019-2153.
Omesi, I., & Appah, E. (2022). Risk management committee and audit committee on audit pricing of listed consumer goods manufacturing companies in Nigeria. BW Academic Journal, 1(1). Retrieved from https://www.bwjournal.org/index.php/bsjournal/article/view/169.
Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using the SPSS program. 4th Edition, Allen & Unwin, Berkshire.
Park, K. (2004). Municipal bankruptcy in the United States: The causes, procedures, and remedial strategies. Journal of Budgeting, 16(2), 228–256.
Pina, V, Torres, L & Royo, S. (2010). Is e-government promoting convergence towards more accountable local governments?, International Public Management Journal, 13, pp. 350-380.
Pirtea, MG, Nicolescu, AC & Mota, PR. (2013). An empirical study on public debt's determinants: evidence from Romania”, Transylvanian Review Of Administrative Sciences, 38E, pp. 144-157.
Puni, A., & Anlesinya, A. (2020). Corporate governance mechanisms and firm performance in a developing country. International Journal of Law and Management, 62, 147-169.
Puopiel, F & Chimsi, M. 2016. Mobilising internally generated funds to finance development projects in Ghana’s Northern Region. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, (18), 147-160. doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i18.4848.
Qeshta, M.H, Alsoud, G.F.A, Hezabr, A.A, Basel J.A. Ali, B.J.A. & Oudat, M.S. (2021). Audit committee characteristics and firm performance: evidence from the insurance sector in bahrain. Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias, 11(2):1666 – 1680.
Qeshtaa, M., & Ali, B.J. (2020). The moderating effect of the effectiveness of the audit committee between ownership concentration and intellectual capital disclosures among companies in gulf co-operation council. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(1), 5979-5986.
Raghunandan, K., Read, W. J. & Rama, D. V. (2001). Audit committee composition, gray directors, and interaction with internal auditing. Accounting Horizons, 15 (2), 105–118.
Rahayu, S & & Rahayu, Y. (2020). Internal auditors role indicators and their support of good governance, Cogent Business & Management, 7:1, 1751020, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2020.1751020.
Ramdani, D. & Witteloostuijn, A.V. (2010). The impact of board independence and CEO duality on firm performance: A quantile regression analysis for indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand. British Journal of Management, 21, 607-626.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00708.x
Rehman, A. (2021). Can sustainable corporate governance enhance internal audit function? Evidence from Omani public listed companies. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14: 537. doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14110537.
Republic of Ghana (ROG). (2016). Public Financial Management Act 2016 (Act 921). Collection and receipt of moneys due to public corporations. Available from: https://www.mofep.gov.gh/sites/default/files/acts/PUBLIC-FINANCIAL-MANAGEMENT-ACT-2016.pdf [Access 7 December 2020].
Republic of Ghana (ROG). (2018). Ghana Audit Service: Report of the Auditor-General on the public accounts of Ghana- Ministries, Departments and other Agencies. Accra, Ghana: Author. Available from: http://www.ghaudit.org/gas/ site/report/[ Accessed 11 February 2020].
Richardson, G., Grantley, T. & Roman, L. (2013). The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 32(3):68–88, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.02.004.
Rubino, F., & Napoli, F. (2020). What impact does corporate governance have on corporate environmental performances. An Empirical Study of Italian Listed Firms. Sustainability, 12(14), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145742.
Saasi, P. (2019). Maximizing internally generated fund for local development in Sissala East District Assembly of the Upper West Region. MSc (Accounting) thesis. University for Development Studies, Ghana. Available from: http://udsspace.uds.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/2487/1/MAXIMIZING%20INTERNALLY%20GENERATED%20FUND%20FOR%20LOCAL.pdf [Accessed 25 August 2020]
Saha, G.R., Cibin, R., Elliott, H., Gall, H., Shortle, J. & Alber, D. 2018. Geospatial landscape analysis for livestock manure management in Western Pennsylvania 2018. ASABE Annual International Meeting, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (2018), p. 1.
Samaha, K & Khlif, H. 2016. ‘Adoption of and compliance with IFRS in developing countries’, Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 6 (1), pp.33–49.
Sanyaolu, O.A., Adesanmi, D., Imeokparia, L.E., Sanyaolu, A.O. & Alimi, A.F. (2017). Corporate governance and financial performance of quoted deposit money banks in Nigeria, International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2 (08), pp. 4131-4146.
Sheikha, Z., Simionescu, L.N., Gherghina, S.C. & Tawil, H. (2021). Does board gender diversity affect firm performance? Empirical evidence from Standard & Poor’s 500 information technology sector. Financial Innovation, 7(52).
Singla, M., & Singh, S. (2019). Board monitoring, product market competition and firm performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 27(4), 1036-1052. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-07-2018-1482.
Thompson, J.D. & Ansoglenang, G. (2018). The relevance of the audit committee in public universities of Ghana: The Case of the University for Development Studies. Pearl Journal of Management, Social Science and Humanities, 4 (1), pp. 1-12.
Trotman, A.J., & Trotman, K.T. (2015). Internal audit's role in ghg emissions and energy reporting: Evidence from audit committees, senior accountants, and internal auditors. Auditing-a Journal of Practice & Theory, 34, 199-230.
Velte, P. (2017). "Does ESG performance have an impact on financial performance? Evidence from Germany", Journal of Global Responsibility, 8 (2), pp. 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-11-2016-0029.
Vo, D. H. & Nguyen, T. M. (2014). The impact of corporate governance on firm performance: Empirical study in Vietnam. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(6), 1-13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n6p1.
Waheed, A. & Malik, Q.A. (2019). Board characteristics, ownership concentration and firms’ performance. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8: 146–165.
Wang, L, Li, W. & Qi, L. (2020). Stakeholder Pressures and Corporate Environmental Strategies: A Meta-Analysis. Sustainability, 12 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031172.
Wang, G., Holmes, R. M., Oh, I.?S., & Zhu, W. (2016). Do CEOs matter to firm strategic actions and firm performance? A meta?analytic investigation based on upper echelons theory. Personnel Psychology, 69(4), 775–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12140
Yeboah, E.N & Andrew, M. (2020). Challenges faced by metropolitan, municipal, and district assemblies (MMDAs) in internal revenue mobilization in Ghana. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 10, 68-80
Zabri, S. M., Ahmad, K., & Wah, K. K. (2016). Corporate governance practices and firm performance: Evidence from top 100 public listed companies in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 287-296.
Zafra-Gómez, J. L., López-Hernández, A., & HernándezBastida, A. (2009). Developing a model to measure financial condition in local government evaluating service quality and minimizing the effects of the socioeconomic environment: An application to Spanish municipalities. The American Review of Public Administration, 39(4), 425-449.
Zona, F., Gomez–Mejia, L.R., & Withers, M.C. (2018). Board interlocks and firm performance: Toward a combined agency–resource dependence perspective. Journal of Management, 44(2), 589–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315579512.
Zubeltzu-Jaka, E., Alvarez-Etxeberria, I, Ortas, E. (2020). The effect of the size of the board of directors on corporate social performance: a meta-analytic approach. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27:1361–1374.

Published

2023-11-10