Promoting Civic Education and State Defense in Increasing Student Participation in the 2024 Elections

: This study discusses the Role of Civic Education and State Defense in Increasing Student Participation in the 2024 Elections. The purpose of this study is to find out whether the provision of citizenship education and state defense to students plays a role in increasing their participation to participate in the 2024 election party. The object of this study was in adolescents with an age range of 18-23 years. The populationin this study was 90 respondents with a sample of 40 respondents. The research method used is quantitative descriptive, by looking at partial and simultaneous influences. The sample method used is Simple Random Sampling . The research tests carried out are T test, F test and coefficient of determination. The results of this study include: 1) Civic Education has a positive and significant effect in partially increasing student participation in 2024; 2) State Defense Education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in partial 2024 issue; and 3) Civic Education and State Defense have a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in 2024 simultaneously.


INTRODUCTION
This study aims to determine the relationship between the provision of civic education and defending the state in increasing student participation in the 2024 election. 2024 is an election party year for Indonesia, where there are presidential and local government elections that year. All citizens must be involved in the presidential election, because it will influence Indonesia's progress in the next five years through its policies. One of those involved in the election is from among students, those who are transitioning from adolescence to adulthood, civic education is needed to increase participation in the 2024 election. In today's era, civic education is fundamental for students, in the midst of globalization that is easily absorbed by students, which can have a negative and positive impact.
In addition, state defense education is needed to increase students' sense of nationalism, in supporting every state policy. State defense education is needed in an effort to preserve Indonesian culture and the values contained in the ideology of Pancasila, which is the ideology of the Indonesian nation. Defending the country for students will form a spirit of solidarity, time discipline and activity. Adding the human dimension as a social being, which is clarified in viewing himself with his potential and developing cooperation with others. Adherence to norms becomes self-actualization to be devoted to God Almighty, based on which it becomes material in civic education.
Based on the background above, the problem formulation is determined as the basis for the hypothesis in this study as follows:

LITERATURE REVIEW Civic Education
Civic education is education held to educate the nation's morals, create intelligent, democratic and noble citizens, who consistently preserve and develop democratic ideals and build the nation's character (S. A. Lestari, 2021). Civic education will shape the educational process that leads to the development of character and competence of each individual, thus creating intellectually intelligent, responsible and participatory citizens (Putra, Yuliartini, &;Mangku, 2018). Civic education is a means of developing and preserving noble values and morals relevant to the culture of the Indonesian nation, which is expected to be formed from the daily life behavior of students in the nation and state (Koroh &;Ly, 2020). Civic education is one of the things that equips students with basic knowledge and abilities related to citizens and state defense education (Azmi, 2016).
Civic education focuses on the formation of citizens who understand and are able to carry out the rights and obligations of citizens. Civic education is important in forming an intelligent character and good personality in becoming a citizen (Tamma, 2021). In addition, civic education imposes on matters related to political democracy to train critical thinking, analysis, attitudes and democratic actions based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Indicators in civic education include: 1) Civic knowledge; and 2) Citizenship ability.

State Defense Education
State defense education is a message from laws that must be carried out in accordance with their profession (Muhtar, Yulianti, &;Hanafiah, 2021). For students, state defense education is run through civic education programs or courses. State defense education does not have to be carried out with armed or military training, because it is not required in the PSDN Law for state defense (Pitaloka &;Wibawani, 2019). State defense education is useful in fostering students' love for the country, nation and state. In addition, state defense education aims to realize students who are responsible and have character in upholding pancasila which is the basic foundation of the Indonesian state (Suabuana, Parhan, Chepy, &;Fitria, 2018). State defense education is also the government's effort to improve the quality of Indonesian human resources, which is expected to become a golden Indonesia in 2045, where one of the supporting indicators is the quality of adequate human resources (D. F. Lestari, Utama, &; Yusnaldi, 2021).
Defending the country is a form of implementation of the determination and actions of citizens that are orderly, integrated, and based on love for the homeland (Ahyati &;Dewi, 2021). State defense education will be very relevant to elections held in 2024. Because national and state awareness will increase, thus affecting student participation in the 2024 election (D. F. Lestari et al., 2021).

Election
General elections (elections) are a process in determining the people who are entitled to occupy seats in the government (Tamma, 2021). This election is held as an implementation of a country that adheres to a democratic system, where citizens must exercise their right to vote in every general election (Sujana, 2019). Elections are the arena of battle in filling political positions in the government which are carried out using electoral methods by conditional citizens (Martini, Azwar, &;Pringga, 2018). General elections are a way to find out the will of the people regarding the direction and policy of the country. The implementation of this election is a form of implementation of the real implementation of democracy (Rahman, 2016).
Although every Indonesian citizen has the right to vote in elections, the Election Law provides a minimum age restriction and can participate in general elections. The minimum age limit to obtain the right to be a general voter registrant is 17 years (Tamma, 2021). The average student must be 17 years old, therefore students have officially become participants in the general election.

Conceptual Framework
Based on the problem formulation and literature review, researchers determine the conceptual framework as follows:

RESEARCH
This study used descriptive quantitative methods, with a population of 90 respondents and a sample of 40 student respondents. The sampling method is using simple random sampling and processing primary data using SPSS version 27. The measurement scale uses a Likert scale of one to five. The tests carried out are t test, f test and determination coefficient test. Primary data is obtained from a google form questionnaire shared by the Instagram social media platform, with the provisions that are entitled to fill, namely students who have obtained pancasila or citizenship courses. The primary data is then inputted into Microsoft Excel and used to perform data analysis. The data obtained have been tested for validity and reliability, and declared valid and reliable. Questions asked to students about citizenship and defending the country (Ali, H., &;Limakrisna, 2013). The T test uses a significance value of alpha (α) = 5%. The measurement results are based on the output of SPSS version 27, obtained t-table values = (0.05/2) = 0.025 and df = n-k-1 = (n-2-1) = (40-2-1), so the t-table result is 2.021. The t-count result > t-table (2.041 > 2.021) and the alpha significance value (α) is 0.048 (<) 0.05. So Civic Education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections partially. The t-count result > t-table (4.681 > 2.021) and the alpha significance value (α) is 0.001 (<) 0.05. SoState Defense Education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections partially. If the significant value < 0.05, the independent variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable. Based on the results of the table above, the significance value is obtained at 0.001 < 0.05. So the independent variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable simultaneously. This means that civic education and state defense have a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections simultaneously (H3 is accepted). Based on the results of SPSS 27 output above, an F value of 13.384 > 10.00 was obtained. So civic education and defending the country have a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections simultaneously. Based on the model summary table above, an r-square value of 0.420 or (42%) was obtained. This shows the percentage of influence of independent variables, namely civic education and state defense education on dependent variables, namely increasing student participation in the 2024 election by 42%. This means that 1 -0.420 = 0.580 or 58% is influenced by other variables that were not studied in this study.

Discussion
Based on the results of the above tests and literature review, researchers discuss the influence between variables as follows:

The Effect of Civic Education in Partially Increasing Student Participation in the 2024 Elections
Civic education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections, so what universities must provide to studentsincludes: 1) Civic knowledge: meaning that lecturers strive to teach and inform about their rights and obligations as students to be involved in elections in 2024; 2) Civic skills: this means that every student must have skills in participation in the life of the nation and state. If universities are able to provide good civic education including civic knowledge and civic skills, it will have an impact on: 1) Participation: this means that by providing education on citizenship, student participation will increase to participate in elections held in 2024; 2) Contestation: meaning that with increased public participation in elections, political contestation will increase; and 3) Social and political context: meaning that there are more and more discussions about social and political that are closely related to students.
The t-count result > t-table (2.041 > 2.021) and the alpha significance value (α) is 0.048 (<) 0.05. So Civic Education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections partially. Where civic education is one of the elements that affect student participation in the 2024 election (H1 Accepted).

The Effect of State Defense Education in Partially Increasing Student Participation in the 2024 Elections
State defense education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections, so what universities must do are: 1) Emotional intelligence: this means that every educator is able to provide motivation for every student, and participate in state defense activities, one of which is the election; 2) Intellectual intelligence: meaning that educators must be able to attract students to think critically and be able to solve problems; and 3) Spiritual intelligence: meaning that educators encourage students to be able to process their thoughts and interpret things into positive things. The more intensive the provision of state defense education, the greater the participation of students to participate in elections.
The t-count result > t-table (4.681 > 2.021) and the alpha significance value (α) is 0.001 (<) 0.05. So State Defense Education has a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections partially (H2 Accepted).

The Influence of Civic Education and State Defense in Increasing Student
Participation in the 2024 Elections simultaneously Civic education and defending the country have a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections simultaneously, so what universities must do are: 1) Provide citizenship education: where citizenship education includes citizenship knowledge and skills. That way students who are citizens will have a high sense of nationalism, so the level of participation in elections will increase. In addition, state defense education also increases student participation in the 2024 elections, because in state defense education students are given knowledge about the homeland, awareness of nation and state, willing to sacrifice and learn state ideology in the form of pancasila.
The results of the f-count > the f-table (13.384 > 10.00) with an alpha significance value (α) of 0.001 < 0.05. So civic education and defending the country have a positive and significant effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections (H3 Accepted).

CONCLUSION
Based on the literature review and discussion above, the researcher determines the following conclusions: 1. Civic education has an effect in increasing student participation in the 2024 election, providing knowledge and skills in the state will affect the mindset and sense of student nationalism, so that they are enthusiastic in participating in the 2024 election. 2. State defense education is influential in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections, teaching related to nation and state, and knowledge of the ideology of pancasila will strengthen students' desire to participate in the 2024 elections. 3. Civic education and state defense are influential in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections, meaning that civic education and defending the country become an inseparable unity in increasing student nationalism that is relevant to participation in elections.